glyconeogenesis

Muscle sarcomere: A vs. I as light or dark There is only one vowel in "dark" and one vowel in "light". These one vowels match up to their one letter names: DArk band is the A band. LIght band is the Iband.

Erythropoiesis stages "Powerful Businesses Pollute Our Reeling Environment": Proerythroblast Basophilic erythroblast Polychromatic erythroblast Orthochromatophilic erythroblast Reticulocyte Erythrocyte

Pituitary: anterior pituitary products: acidophilic vs basophilic · Acidophilic: GPA: Growth hormone Prolactin Acidophilic · Basophilic: B-FLAT Basophilic FSH LH ACTH TSH

Pituitary: anterior pituitary products: acidophilic vs basophilic · Acidophilic: GPA: Growth hormone Prolactin Acidophilic · Basophilic: B-FLAT Basophilic FSH LH ACTH TSH

Pituitary: anterior pituitary products: acidophilic vs basophilic · Acidophilic: GPA: Growth hormone Prolactin Acidophilic · Basophilic: B-FLAT Basophilic FSH LH ACTH TSH

wbc type

Leukocytes: granulated and agranulated "BEN Loves Money": · Granulocytes: Basophil Eosinophil Neurophil · Agranulocytes: Lymphocytes Monocytes

layer of epidermis

Epidermis layers "Come, Let's Get Sun Burned": · From superficial to deep: Corneum Lucidum Granulosum Spinosum Basale [Germinativum]

Electron transport chain: Rotenone's site of action Rotenone is a site specific inhibitor of complex one.

Glycolysis enzymes "High Profile People Act Too Glamorous, Picture Posing Every Place": Hexokinase Phosphoglucose isomerase Phosphofructokinase (PFK) Aldase A Triose phosphate isomerase Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase Phosphoglycerate mutase Enolase Pyruvate kinase

Adrenal cortex layers [for Florida Gator fans] "Gator Football Rocks!": · From outside inwards: Glomerulosa Fasciculata Reticularis

Tonsils: The three types "PPL (people) have tonsils": Pharyngeal Palatine Lingual

Soleus vs. gastrocnemius muscle function "Stand on your Soles. Explosive gas": You stand on soles of your shoes, so Soleus is for posture. Gasoline is explosive, so Gastrocnemius is for explosive movement.

Superior thyroid artery branches "May I Softly Squeeze Charlie's Girl?": Muscular Infrahyoid Superior laryngeal Sternomastoid Cricothyroid Glandular

Saphenous veins: path of great vs. small at malleolus "MAGdelaine has varicose veins" [The saphenous veins are important for varicose veins]: Medial maleolus, Anterior to maleolus, and Great saphenous go together. Then the opposites of these go together: Small saphenous is posterior to the lateral maleolus.

Extraocular muscles cranial nerve innervation "LR6SO4 rest 3": Lateral Rectus is 6th Superior Oblique is 4th rest are all 3rd cranial nerve

Internal jugular vein: tributaries "Medical Schools Let Confident People In": · From inferior to superior: Middle thyroid Superior thyroid Lingual Common facial Pharyngeal Inferior petrosal sinus

Brachial artery: recurrent and collateral branches "I Am Pretty Sexy" Inferior ulnar collateral artery goes with Anterior ulnar recurrent artery. Posterior ulnar recurrent artery goes with Superior ulnar collateral artery. · Alternatively: "I Am Pretty Smart".

Facial nerve branches "Two Zombies Buggered My Cat": · From superior to inferior: Temporal branch Zygomatic branch Buccal branch Mandibular branch Cervical branch · Alternatively: "Two Zulus Bit My Cat". · Alternatively: "Two Zebras Bit My Coccyx". · Alternatively: "To Zanzibar By Motor Car". · Alternatively: "Tall Zulus Bear Many Children" · Alternatively: "Tell Ziggy Bob Marley Called".

Maxillary artery branches "DAM I AM Piss Drunk But Stupid Drunk I Prefer, Must Phone Alcoholics Anonymous": Deep auricular Anterior tympanic Middle meningeal Inferior alveolar Accessory meningeal Masseteric Pterygoid Deep temporal Buccal Sphenopalatine Descending palatine Infraorbital Posterior superior alveolar Middle superior alveolar Pharyngeal Anterior superior alveolar Artery of the pterygoid canal

tricks on order of carbocation or free radical

ie.BATSPM Benzyl>Allyl>Tertiary>secondary>Primary>Methyl

Cell cycle stages Go Sally Go! Make Children!: G1 phase (Growth phase 1) S phase (DNA Synthesis) G2 phase (Growth phase 2) M phase (Mitosis) C phase (Cytokinesis)

Down syndrome pathology DOWN: Decreased alpha-fetoprotein and unconjugated estriol (maternal) One extra chromosome twenty-one Women of advanced age Nondisjunction during maternal meiosis

For the function of the temporal lobes, think of a helmet which covers the side of the head: HELM: H : hearing E : emotion L : learning M : memory

Enzymes: classification "Over The HILL": Oxidoreductases Transferases Hydrolases Isomerases Ligases Lyases · Enzymes get reaction over the hill.

Glycolysis steps "Goodness Gracious, Father Franklin Did Go By Picking Pumpkins (to) Prepare Pies": Glucose Glucose-6-P Fructose-6-P Fructose-1,6-diP Dihydroxyacetone-P Glyceraldehyde-P 1,3-Biphosphoglycerate 3-Phosphoglycerate 2-Phosphoglycerate (to) Phosphoenolpyruvate [PEP] Pyruvate · 'Did', 'By' and 'Pies' tell you the first part of those three: di-, bi-, and py-. · 'PrEPare' tells location of PEP in the process.

Urea Cycle Ordinarily, Careless Crappers, Are Also Frivolous About Urination. Ornithine, Carbamoyl, Citrulline, Arginosuccinate, Aspartate, Fumarate, Arginine, Urea.

Essential Amino Acids PriVaTe TIM HALL Phe, Val, Thr, Trp, Ile, Met, His, Arg, Leu, Lys

Spermatic cord contents "3 arteries, 3 nerves, 3 other things": 3 arteries: testicular, ductus deferens, cremasteric. 3 nerves: genital branch of the genitofemoral, cremasteric, autonomics. 3 other things: ductus deferens, pampiniform plexus, lymphatics. · Note some argument about this: Moore doesn't put in cremasteric nerve, Lumley puts in inguinal...

External carotid artery branches "Sister Lucy's Powdered Face Often Attracts Silly Medicos": · Before entering the parotid gland: Superior thyroid Lingual Posterior auricular Facial Occipital Ascending pharyngeal · Ends as: Superficial temporal and Maxillary bifurcating in the in the parotid gland

Descending abdominal aorta branches from diaphragm to iliacs "Prostitutes Cause Sagging Swollen Red Testicles [in men] Living In Sin": Phrenic [inferior] Celiac Superior mesenteric Suprarenal [middle] Renal Testicular ["in men" only] Lumbars Inferior mesenteric Sacral

Axillary artery branches "Screw The Lawyer Save A Patient": Superior thoracic Thoracoacromiol Lateral thoracic Subscapular Anterior circumflex humeral Posterior circumflex humeral

External carotid artery branches "Some Aggressive Lovers Find Odd Positions More Stimulating": Superior thyroid Ascending pharyngeal Lingual Facial Occiptal Posterior auricular Maxillary Superficial temporal

Spleen: dimensions, weight, surface anatomy "1,3,5,7,9,11": Spleen dimensions are 1 inch x 3 inches x 5 inches. Weight is 7 ounces. It underlies ribs 9 through 11.

Inferior vena cava tributaries "I Like To Rise So High": Illiacs Lumbar Testicular Renal Suprarenal Hepatic vein. · Think of the IVC wanting to rise high up to the heart.

GFR -Layers of the adrenal:-- Glomerular, Fascicular, Reticular

TIRE- four abdominal muscles -- transversus, internal oblique, rectus abdominus, and external oblique

Sally Thompson Loves Sex And Pot pie. The branches of the Axillary Artery are: Superior Thoracic, Thoracoacromial, Lateral Thoracic, Subscapular, Anterior Circumflex Humeral, Posterior Circumflex Humeral, and Profunda Brachii.

The 5 sphincters found in the Alimentary Canal are APE OIL: Anal, Pyloric, Lower Esophogeal, Oddi, and Ileocecum.

Limbic System- the 5 F’s- Feeding, Fighting, Feeling, Flight and Fucking

Layers of the epidermis-Germinativum or Basale, Spinosum, Granulosum, Lucidum, Corneum Grandpa Shagging Grandma's Love Child.

Cartilages of the Larynx - There are 4 cartilages in the larynx whose initial letters are TEAC (also the brandname of a home stereo). Thyroid, Epiglottis, Arytenoid, Cricoid

LOCATION OF THORACIC DUCT: The duck is between two gooses (duck = thoracic duct) 2 gooses = azyGOUS and esophaGOUS

Vagus nerve: path into thorax"I Left my Aunt in Vegas": Left Vagus nerve goes Anterior descending into the thorax.

Penis autonomic innervation actions "Parasympathetic Puts it up. Sympathetic Spurts it out". Alternatively: "Point and Shoot": Parasympathetic Points it, Sympathetic Shoots out the semen. · Erection and Ejaculation (Emission).

Scalp layers SCALP: · From superficial to deep: Skin Connective tissue Aponeurosis Loose areolar tissue Pericranium

Aorta vs. vena cava: right vs. leftAorta and right each have 5 letters, so aorta is on the right. Vena and cava and left each have 4 letters, so vena cava is on the left.

Inguinal canal: walls"MALT: 2M, 2A, 2L, 2T": · Starting from superior, moving around in order to posterior: Superior wall (roof): 2 Muscles: · internal oblique Muscle · transverse abdominus Muscle Anterior wall: 2 Aponeuroses: · Aponeurosis of external oblique · Aponeurosis of internal oblique Lower wall (floor): 2 Ligaments: · inguinal Ligament · lacunar Ligament Posterior wall: 2Ts: · Transversalis fascia · conjoint Tendon

Branches of the Facial Nerve Ten Zebras Bought My Car Ten Zebras Bit My Cock Two Zulus Buggered My Cat To Zanzibar By Motor Car Temporal, Zygomatic, Buccal, Masseteric, Cervical Miscelaneous Anatomy Mnemonics

Branches of the Brachial Plexus (In order from most lateral to most medial) My Aunt Raped My Uncle Musculocutaneous, Axillary, Radial, Median, Ulnar

visceral leishmaniasis

tricks on lenght

length of suddo is 25 cm ie, stomach uretet duodenum descending colon oesphagus

tricks on salivery gland

please -parotid gland say -stension duct me mandibular gland what whartson duct looks sublingul gland red duct of rivinus

Ascariasis Symptoms Mnemonic - How It Occurs - 2016!

Ascariasis Symptoms Mnemonic

MNEMONIC ON HYPOGLYCEMIA

MNEMONIC ON HYPOGLYCEMIA

MNEMONIC ON HYPOGLYCEMIA

MNEMONIC ON FUNCTIION OF KIDNEY

Afferent vs efferent[edit]
Afferent connection arrives and an efferent connection exits.

"I Like To Rise So High", for Iliac vein (common), Lumbar vein, Testicular vein, Renal vein, Suprarenal vein and Hepatic vein to represent the tributaries of the Inferior vena cava [5]

A good mnemonic to remember which muscles are innervated by what nerve is to paraphrase it as a molecular equation: LR6SO4R3.[17]

Lateral Rectus - Cranial Nerve VI
Superior Oblique - Cranial Nerve IV
the Rest of the muscles - Cranial Nerve III

G.I. tract layers (simplified)[edit]
M.S.M.S.

Mucosa

Submucosa

Muscularis propria

Serosa[18]

Anterior Pituitary Hormones "FLAG TOP ":

FSH

LH

ACTH

GH

TSH

MelanOcyte Stimulating Hormone

Prolactin

B vitamin names[edit]
"The Rhythm Nearly Proved Contagious":

In increasing order:

Thiamine (B1)

Riboflavin (B2)

Niacin (B3)

Pyridoxine (B6)

Cobalamin (B12)

“pH” for Parietal cells secrete H+ ions.

“PC” for Pepsin is secreted by Chief cells.

Remember the following mnemonic when evaluating patients for hyperthyroidism:

S: Sweating

T: Tremor or Tachycardia

I: Intolerance to heat, Irregular menstruation, and Irritability

N: Nervousness

G: Goiter and Gastrointestinal (loose stools/diarrhea).

cancer

cranial nerves of mammels

Kids-Kingdom
Put-Phyllum
Cat-Class
On-Order
Fired-Family
Gas-Genus
Stove-Species

electromagnetic spectrum on increasing order of frequency
Ra-radio wave 
M-magnetic wave
I-infrared ray
Visited-visible ray(ie,VIBGYOR)
U-Uv ray
At
Xavier-X ray
Graduation-Gamma ray
ceremony-cosmic ray

tricks on electrophilic substitution rxn
all people tolerate being citizen also in nepal
aniline>phenol>toulene>benzene>chlorobenzene>benzyaldehyde>benzoicacid>nitrobenzene

Mnemonics onTuberculosis
T- a person become pale and Thin
U-unknown
B-Blood stained sputum
ER-Evening Rise of temperature
C -Cough,chestpain
U-unknown
lOSiS-LOSS of appetite ,LOSS of weight

Mnemonics on Typhoid
T-soarThroat,rashes on Trunk
Y-spleenomegalY
P-Pneumonia
H-Headache
O-Onward fever for more than 2 week
I-other Infection such as bone and joint pain
D-Death if not treated well

trick's on seebeck series
sab fe zaan aaj aakar cinema par cu co nickla binladein
( Sb,Fe,Zn,Ag,Au,Cr,Sn,Pb,Cu,Co,Ni,Bi)

Tricks on electro chemical series
le k basuri ka na mughe almiya ze fe cro cd co nahi suna par haam gaye chapa
(LI,K,Ba,Sr,Ca,Na,Mg,Al,Mn,Zn,Fe,Cr,Cd,Co,Ni,Sn,Pb,H,Cu,Hg,Ag,Pt,Au)

mnemonics on visceral leishmaniasis
L-Lymphomeagaly
E-Enlargement of liver,spleen
I-Increase in pigmentation of skin
S-Spleenomegaly
H-Hepatomegaly
M-Marrow infection
A-Alopecia
N-Number of thrombocytes decreases
I-Increased in temperature with in 12 hour
A-Anemia
S-Skin becomes dry,rough
I-Intestinal pain
S-skin becomes dark black

trick on liver lobe of animal rabbit,frog,human
calculate the alphabet number of these animal and reduce 1 from it
such as
frog=4-1=3
Human=5-1=4
Rabbit=6-1=5

Electronegativity

Fluorine >; Oxygen >; Nitrogen >; Clorine >; Bromine >; Iodine >; Sulphur >; Carbon >; Hydrogen≥Phosphorous

Pronounce: FONClBrISCHP

Flaming Oxygen Nice Clear Bright I Suspect Canned Hydrogen

Activity series

K >; Na >;Mg >; Al >;Zn >; Cr >; Fe >; Pd >; H >; Cu >; Au.

Kangaroos Naturally Muck About in Zoos For Purple Hippos Chasing Aardvarks

m-directing groups

Quaternary aminoEsterSulfonic acidNitroCarbonylCarboxylCyano

(-NR3+)(-COOR)(-SO3H)(-NO2)(-CHO)(-COOH)(-CN)

Queen Elizabeth Second’s Navy Commands, Controls, Communicates[24]

o,p-directing groups

AlkylHalogenAlkoxylAminoHydroxylAmidePhenyl

(R)(X)(OR)(-NH2-NHR-NR2)(OH)(NHCOR(C6H5)

AHA AHA P

Periodic table
Periods

H He Li Be B C N O F Ne Na Mg Al Si P S Cl Ar K Ca

Hi Hello Little Beryll Brown Cracking Nuts On Friday .
Nellie’s Naughty Magpie Always Sings Pop Songs Clearly
After Killing Cathy[27]

Period 4

K (Potassium) Ca Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se Br Kr

PoKey Captain Scans Tight Virgin Crew Members Fer Cold Night Cuddles. Zany Gray Germs Are Sold ByKremlin.

Group 1, The alkali metals

H Li Na K Rb Cs Fr

Highly Nasty Kids Rub Cats Fur[p 1]

Group 2, The alkaline earth metals

Be Mg Ca Sr Ba Ra

Bearded Muggers Came Straight Back Rapidly.

Group 13

B Al Ga In Tl
Bears Always Give Indians Trouble[p 1]

Group 14

C Si Ge Sn(tin) Pb(lead)

Can Silly Germans Snatch Lead[p 1]

Group 15 (pnicogens)

N P As Sb Bi

New Popes Assign Subordinate Bishops.[p 1]

Group 16 (chalcogens)

O S Se Te Po

Oversized Sailors Sell and Tell about Polo

Group 17, The halogens

F Cl Br I At

Fairy Clowns Broil Innocent Ants.[p 1]

Group 18, Noble gases

He Ne Ar Kr Xe Rn
He Never Arrived; Karen eXited with Ron.[p 1]

Transition metals

First

Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn

Scary Tiny Vicious Creatures Mean Females Come Nightly to Club Z.[p 1]

Second

Y Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd

Yes Sir, Nob. Most Technicians Rub Rod’s Pale Silver Cadillac

Third

La … Hf Ta W Re Os Ir Pt Au Hg

Larry’s Half Taken, Wendy Reached Out Her Plate Audibly, Helga

Lanthanides&Actinides

Lanthanides

(La) Ce Pr Nd Pm Sm Eu Gd Tb Dy Ho Er Tm Yb Lu

Little Cute People Need Plenty Sex Every Given Time Despite Having Enough Through Young Love andCurrently Parties Never Provide Sexy English Girls That Drink Heavily,Even Though You Look.

Actinides

(Ac) Th Pa U Np Pu Am Cm Bk Cf Es Fm Md No Lr

Radiant Acting Thoroughly Protects yoUr Nepotism, Plutocratic America Cures-me & Berkeley California,Einstein Firmly Mended Noble Lawreins.[33]
Three Planets: Uranus, Neptune, and Pluto. Amy Cured Berkeley, California. Einstein and Fermi Made NobleLaws.

Taxonomy for humans would be:

Animalia, Chordata, Mammalia, Primate, Hominidae, Homosapiens
All Cool Men Prefer Having Heavy Sideburns
Anyone Can Make Pretty Healthy HotStew

Mnemonic on ascariasis
A-Abdominal pain
S-Starving(ie,malnutrition)
C-Cough,cholecytitis)
A-anemia
R-Roundworm in vomitus
I-Indigestion of food leading to diarhoea
A-Appendicitis
S-Stool containing roundworm
I-Iritation of lung by larva
S-Stool containing ova of roundworm

BLOT-TEST
SNOW-DROP
S-SOUTHERN BLOT-DNA
N-NORTHERN BLOT-RNA
O-0000000000000000000
W-WESTERN BLOT-PROTIEN

mnemonics on carpel bone

Cushing's syndrome

C - Central obesity, Cervical fat pads, Collagen fibre weakness, Comedones (acne)
U - Urinary free cortisol and glucose increase
S - Striae, Suppressed immunity 
.H - Hypercortisolism, Hypertension, Hyperglycemia, Hypercholesterolemia, Hirsutism
I - Iatrogenic (Increased administration of corticosteroids)
N - Noniatrogenic (Neoplasms)
G - Glucose intolerance, Growth retardation

PATAU SYNDROME
CRAMP

C-CLEFT LIP/PALATE
R-RENAL ABNORMALITIES
A-cArdiac defects
M-MENTAL RETARDATION
-MICROCEPHALY
P-POLYDACTYLY

Muscle cells
Nuclei location mirrors where the muscle is located in human body.
Heart muscle is in the middle of body, so heart muscle has nucleus in middle.
Skeletal muscles are at periphery of body, so nuclei are at periphery.
Also, you have 1 heart, so usually only 1 nucleus per heart muscle cell, but have many skeletal muscles, so have many nuclei per long fibre.

Placenta-crossing substances
"WANT My Hot Dog":
Wastes
Antibodies
Nutrients
Teratogens
Microorganisms
Hormones/ HIV
Drugs

Citric Acid Cycle

Here's how to remember the KTC = Kreb's or TCA or Citric acid cycle:

Remember "Citric Acid Is Kreb's Starting Substrate For Mitochondrial Oxidation"

These stands for the substrates in order:

Citric acid
Iso-Aconitase
Iso-citrate
Alpha-Ketoglutarate
Succinyl CoA
Succinate
Fumarate
Maleate
Oxaloacetate

MNEMONICS ON RETINAL LAYER

Vein without valve

Vein without valve

I-internal jugular v. ,

P-pulmonary.v ,

S-superior venacava, S-sinuses of brain

Sperm pathway through male reproductive tract
SEVEN UP:
Seminiferous tubules
Epididymis
Vas deferens
Ejaculatory duct
Nothing
Urethra
Penis

Diaphragm apertures: Spinal levels
"AEI-OU" Diaphragm

Aorta: T12
Esophagus: T10
Inferior Vene cava: T8
OU can be used to remember that its On moving Up from T12.

Or,

"Voice Of America"
In order, from lower to higher vertebral levels,

Bifurcation vertebral landmarks
A bifurcation occurs on 4th level of each vertebral column:
C4: bifurcation of common carotid artery
T4: bifurcation of trachea
L4: bifurcation of aorta

External jugular vein: tributaries
PAST:
Posterior external jugular vein
Anterior jugular vein
Suprascapular vein
Transverse cervical vein

Oncogenic viruses
Oncogenic viruses :

DNA viruses

'HE is my PAPa'

Hepatitis B virus
Epstein Barr virus
Pox virus
Adenovirus
Pappilloma virus

RNA viruses

'His Salary Feeds Me'

Human T cell leukemia virus
Sarcoma viruses
Feline Leukemia virus
Mammary tumor virus

Investigations of Typhoid fever
BASU

1st week - Blood culture
2nd week -Agglutination test
3rd week -Stool culture
4th week - Urine culture

Down syndrome features: complete

My CHILD HAS PROBLEM!:
Congenital heart disease/ Cataracts
Hypotonia / Hypothyroidism 
Incure 5th finger/ Increased gap between 1st and 2nd toe
Leukemia risk x2/ Lung problem
Duodenal atresia / Delayed development
Hirshsprung's disease / Hearing loss
Alzheimer's disease / Alantoaxial instability
Squint/ Short neck
Protruding tongue/ Palm crease
Round face/ Rolling eye (nystagmus)
Occiput flat/ Oblique eye fissure
Brushfield spot/ Brachycephaly
Low nasal bridge/ Language problem
Epicanthic fold/ Ear folded
Mental retardation/ Myoclonus

Causes of Osteoporosis

Causes of osteoporosis are ACCESS :

Alcohol
Corticosteroids
Calcium deficiency (low intake)
Estrogen deficiency
Smoking
Sedentary Lifestyle

Hyperthyroidism: signs and symptoms
THYROIDISM:
Tremor
Heart rate up
Yawning [fatigability]
Restlessness
Oligomenorrhea & amenorrhea
Intolerance to heat
Diarrhoea
Irritability
Sweating
Musle wasting & weight loss

Fluid compartments: volumes
12345:
12 liters of interstitial fluid
3 liters plasma volume and 30 liters inside cells
45 liters total body water

Oxygen-haemoglobin dissociation curve: Causes of shift to right
CADET, face Right!
CO2 
Acid
2,3-DPG(aka 2,3-BPG)
Exercise
Temperature
Left shift of the Oxygen dissociation curve denotes Hemoglobin's increased affinity for oxygen (as in lungs) & right shift is a sign of decreased affinity

tricks on essential ammino acid
pvt tim hall
phenylalanine
valine
methionine
histidine
arginine
leucine
lysine
tryptophan
isoleucine

The eras are Precambrian, Cambrian, Ordovician, Silurian, Devonian, Carboniferous, Permian, Triassic, Jurassic, Cretaceous:

Pregnant Camels Ordinarily Sit Down Carefully . Perhaps Their Joints Creak

MNEMONIC FOR REMEMBERING NAME OF
CLOTTING FACTORS.
01.F reshers.....F ibrinogen.
02.P arty..... P rothrombin.
03.T oday....... T hromboplastin.
04.C ome.... on C alcium.
05.L et's...... L abile factor.
07.S ing..... S table factor.
08.A nd.... A nti Haemophilic factor.
09.C all....... the C hristmas factor.
10.S eniors..... S tuart prower factor.
11.P lease... P TA.
12.H ave..... H ageman factor.
13.F un..... F ibrin stabilizing factor.

Classes of enzymes;
over the hill, lionels inside lisa;
oxidoreductases
transferases
hydrolases
lyases
isomerases
ligases

Hypothyroidism in pregnancy can lead to PRIAPISM

P - Pre Eclampsia
R - Recurrent Abortion
I - IUGR
A - Anemia
P - Preterm Labour
I - Infertility
S - Still birth
M - Mental Retardation.

Ps - hypothyroidism doesnt cause priapism ..its jus for remembering

Large Intestine Inhabitant. "ET"
Enterobius
Trichuris

Small Intestine Inhabitant. CASH!
Capillaria
Ascaris
Strongyloides
Hookworm

Acromegaly symptoms
ABCDEF
Arthralgia/ Arthritis
Blood pressure raised
Carpal tunnel syndrome
Diabetes
Enlargemed organs
Field defect

Bacilli: gram +ve and gram -ve
All bacilli are gram -ve except ABCDL
Actinomycetes
Bacillus anthracis
Clostridium tetani
Diphtheria
Listeria monocytogenes

TRICKS ON ORDER OF PLANET ie,
mercury
venus
earth
mars
jupiter
satrun
uranus
neptune
pluto

Mnemonic for Structures passing through foramen ovale of skull is : OVALE
OVALE stands for:
O – Otic ganglion (Does not pass through it, but lies inferior to it)
V – V3 cranial nerve
A – Accessory meningeal artery
L – Lesser petrosal nerve
E – Emissary vein

KWASHIORKOR: DISTINGUISHING
FROM MARASMUS
FAME
• Fatty liver
• Anemia
• Malabsorption
• Edema.

ADDISON’S DISEASE: FEATURES
MAD SHIN
• Meningcoccus disseminated intravascular
coagulation (DIC)
• Autoimmune
• Destruction by cancer, infection, vascular
insuffi ciency
• Sarcoidosis, granulomatous such as tuberculosis
(TB) histiomycosis
• Hypotension/Hyponatremia
• Iatrogenic
• Nelson’s syndrome (postadrenalectomy, increased
adrenocorticotropic hormone).

ALZHEIMER’S DISEASE: FEATURES
CALL DON
• Cerebral cortex atrophy (diffuse)
• Ach reduction
• Language impairment
• Living with dementia (MC in elderly)
• Down’s syndrome
• Old age
• Neurofi brillary tangles.